Dear Colleagues,

Artificial Intelligence (AI) was born in 1956 with the aim of conferring computers the ability to perform complex tasks involving cognitive processes that were previously the prerogative of humans.
Over the years, as the power and number of its techniques expanded, so did its spectrum of application: from computers that play chess to biological software capable of predicting the structure of proteins from their amino acid sequences, i.e., AlphaFold.
In recent years, scientific research has seen an unprecedented surge of publications that exploit data-driven AI approaches, leading some authors to proclaim that we are living “in the era where data dominates theory” (Pigliucci, 2009; Huang, 2018).
Complex systems biology (CSB) is no exception, and the literature on this topic reflects this trend, with data slowly replacing mathematical and biological models; for example, recent work features AI models —mainly deep neural networks — trained on large multidimensional and multi-omics data for biomarker research and the prediction of clinical outcomes.
On the other hand, hypothesis-driven research has only benefited from AI techniques to a limited extent, leaving ample territory for exploration of the intersection of AI and complex systems biology. This is especially true in scenarios where biology knowledge is extracted using AI techniques.

This Special Issue aims at gathering investigations dealing with approaches that attempt to recapitulate information extracted from data with AI tools into general frameworks that advance biological knowledge according to a hypothesis-driven methodology with the goal of overcoming mere statistical correlations.
To this end, the theoretical frameworks and modelling paradigms of non-linear systems theory, complex systems science and dynamical systems theory, with their rich repertoire of tools, concepts and methods, can be a valuable source of inspiration.
From the point of view of AI, all AI techniques and subfields—e.g. Large Language Models (LLMs), optimisation, logic and learning—are welcome as long as they are included in works that recapitulate the results in theory-based or model-based approaches.

The non-exhaustive lists of potential contributions we are interested in will focus on approaches that integrate AI techniques with the following:

- Applications of dynamical systems theory to biological processes;
- Modelling approaches that exploit biological principles to reproduce observed data patterns;
- Parameters tuning and optimisation of mathematical models for biological and biochemical systems, e.g., through the use of evolutionary algorithms and other optimisation techniques;
- Computational systems biology methodologies, such as multi-scale modelling, network analysis and pathway simulation;
- Machine learning tools for pattern identification in large biological datasets, drug response prediction, and similar applications.

REFERENCES:
Huang, S. The tension between big data and theory in the" omics" era of biomedical research. Perspectives in biology and medicine 2018, 61, 472–488.
Pigliucci, M. The end of theory in science?. EMBO reports 2009, 10, 534–534.


Guest Editors:

Name: Dr. Michele Braccini
Affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy

Name: Dr. Andrea Roli
Affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Campus of Cesena, Università di Bologna, I-47521 Cesena, Italy

Name: Dr. Pasquale Stano
Affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, I-73100 Lecce, Italy